| Abstract | U ovom radu prikazana je primjena kontinuiranih reaktora u biokatalitičkim procesima s naglaskom na reakcije katalizirane enzimima. Kontinuirani reaktori predstavljaju održiva i ekonomski isplativa rješenja zahvaljujući mogućnosti višekratne upotrebe enzima putem tehnika imobilizacije. Imobilizacija enzima omogućuje njihovu stabilnost, jednostavno odvajanje od reakcijske smjese i ponovnu upotrebu, čime se smanjuju troškovi i povećava efikasnost. Rad daje pregled osnovnih tipova kontinuiranih reaktora kao što su reaktori s nasutim slojem katalizatora, membranski reaktori i reaktori s katalizatorima u fluidiziranom sloju. Također su prikazane metode imobilizacije enzima, uključujući adsorpciju, kovalentno vezanje, enkapsulaciju, uklapanje i umrežavanje te se opisuje kako ove metode poboljšavaju stabilnost i učinkovitost enzima. Prikazani su uspješni primjeri primjene biokatalize u kontinuiranim reaktorima, kao što su proizvodnja uridin difosfat galaktoze, sinteza kiralnih amina i bistrenje soka od naranče. Ovi primjeri pokazuju prednosti kontinuiranih procesa, uključujući smanjenje inhibicije enzima, optimizaciju uvjeta reakcije i povećanu produktivnost. U okviru rada dana je usporedba kontinuiranih reaktora s tradicionalnim kotlastim reaktorima, ističući veće konverzije, bolju stabilnost enzima i veću ukupnu učinkovitost kontinuiranih procesa. |
| Abstract (english) | In this study, biocatalysis in continuous reactors is presented with a focus on
enzyme-catalysed reactions. Continuous reactors offer sustainable and economically viable processes thanks to the possibility of multiple use of enzymes through immobilisation techniques. Enzyme immobilisation provides stability, easy separation from the reaction mixture, and reuse, thereby reducing costs and increasing efficiency. The study provides an overview of the basic types of continuous reactors, such as packed bed reactors, membrane reactors, and fluidised bed reactors. Methods of enzyme immobilisation, including adsorption, covalent binding, encapsulation, entrapment, and cross-linking, are also presented, describing how these methods improve enzyme stability and efficiency. Successful examples of the application of biocatalysis in continuous reactors are shown, such as the production of uridine diphosphate galactose, the synthesis of chiral amines, and the clarification of orange juice. These examples demonstrate the advantages of continuous processing, including reduced enzyme inhibition, easier handling of immobilised enzymes, optimisation of reaction conditions, and increased productivity. The study also compares continuous reactors with traditional batch reactors, highlighting higher conversion rates, better enzyme stability, and higher overall efficiency of continuous processes. |
