Heterogena kataliza u primjeni nitriranja aromata

undergraduate thesis

• Title (english): Nitration of aromatic compounds with heterogenous catalysts
• Author: Iva Krpeljević
• Mentor: Marin Kovačić (mentor)
• Committee member: Marin Kovačić (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Zvonimir Katančić (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Vanja Kosar (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2021-09-23, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: TECHNICAL SCIENCES; Chemical Engineering

Abstract

Napredak znanosti i tehnologije uzrokovao je narušavanje prirodne okoline, što se očituje u klimatskim promjenama, nastajanju ozonskih rupa i nakupljanju nerazgradljivih organskih onečišćivača u svim dijelovima biosfere. Kako bi se održala mogućnost življenja i djelovanja, potrebno je pronaći ravnotežu između primjene prirodnih resursa, ekonomskoga rasta i očuvanja okoliša. „Zelena“ kemija je područje koje pokušava pronaći i održati ravnotežu uz razvoj tehnologija koje na ekonomskoj osnovi analiziraju procese i materijale upotrijebljene u proizvodnji i razvoju s ciljem očuvanja prirodnih resursa i okoliša. Budući da nitroaromatski spojevi imaju široku primjenu kao otapala, eksplozivi i komponente farmaceutika, u ovom je radu prikazano njihovo nitriranje heterogenim katalizatorima. Proučavan je utjecaj ključnih parametara procesa nitriranja (temperatura, brzina protoka reagensa, koncentracija sredstva za nitriranje itd.) na pretvorbu početnog supstrata, stupanj razgradnje dušične kiseline i količinu nastalih oksigenata. U „zelenom“ procesu nitriranja koncentrirane kiseline zamjenjuju se čvrstim katalizatorima poput silike, glina i zeolita sa ciljem postizanja ekološki prihvatljivijeg i sigurnijeg načina sinteze nitriranih aromata uz dobre katalizatorske karakteristike u pogledu stabilnosti i aktivnosti te regeneracije katalizatora. Pregledan je napredak u primjeni ekološki benignih kiselih katalizatora zbog važnosti i veličine doprinosa reakcija kataliziranih kiselinom, a fokus novog razvoja mora biti pronalaženje novih aplikacija za tradicionalne reakcije koje se događaju u ekološki neodrživim uvjetima.

Abstract (english)

Advances in science and technology have caused environmental degradation, which is reflected in climate change, the formation of ozone holes and the accumulation of non-degradable organic pollutants in all parts of the biosphere. In order to maintain the ability to live and act, it is necessary to find a balance between the use of natural resources, economic growth and environmental protection. "Green chemistry" is a field of chemistry that tries to find and maintain a balance with the development of technology that economically analyzes the process and materials used in production and development in order to preserve natural resources and the environment. Since nitroaromatic compounds are widely used as solvents, explosives and pharmaceutical components, their nitration with heterogeneous catalysts is presented in this paper. The influence of key parameters of the nitratin process (temperature, reagent flow rate, concentration of nitrifying agents, etc.) on the conversion of the initial substrate, the degree of nitric acid decomposition and the amount of formed oxygen was studied. In the "green" nitrating process, concentrated acids are replaced with solid catalysts such as silica, clay and zeolite in order to achieve an environmentally friendly and safer way of synthesis of nitrated aromas with good catalyst characteristics in terms of stability and activity and catalyst regeneration. Progress in the application of ecologically benign acid catalysts has been reviewed due to the importance and magnitude of the contribution to the catalytic acid reaction, and the focus of new development must be finding a new application for traditional reactions occurring in ecologically unsustainable conditions.

• Keywords: heterogena kataliza; nitriranje; dušična kiselina; zeoliti; glina
• Keywords (english): heterogeneous catalysis; nitration; zeolite; nitric acid; clay
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:149:766206
• Study programme: Title: Applied Chemistry - Undergraduate study; specializations in: Environmental chemistry and green technologies, Advanced materials and technologies, Applied organic chemistry; Course: Applied organic chemistry; Study programme type: university; Study level: undergraduate; Academic / professional title: sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) primijenjene kemije (sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) primijenjene kemije)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Closed access
• Created on: 2023-04-06 09:20:58