Title Međulaboratorijska usporedbena mjerenja brzine strujanja i koncentracije krutih čestica u otpadnom plinu Title (english) Interlaboratory comparative measurements of gas velocity and concentration of solid particles in the waste gas Author Hrvoje Nikl Mentor Tomislav Bolanča (mentor)Mentor Marko Rogošić (mentor)Committee member Vesna Tomašić (predsjednik povjerenstva)Committee member Juraj Šipušić (član povjerenstva)Committee member Ana Mornar Turk (član povjerenstva)Granter University of Zagreb Defense date and country 2021-12-21, Croatia Scientific / art field, TECHNICAL SCIENCES Universal decimal classificationUDC ) 66 - Chemical technology. Chemical and related industries Abstract Osnovna zamisao istraživanja prikazanih u ovome radu jest izvedba uređaja koji bi mogao poslužiti za provedbu međulaboratorijskih usporedbenih mjerenja koncentracije krutih čestica u zraku iz nepokretnih izvora. U uvjetima nagloga rasta svjetskoga stanovništva te ubrzanoga gospodarskoga razvoja sastavnice okoliša sve su opterećenije različitim emisijama, a posljedice se osjećaju i na globalnoj razini. Jednakom brzinom raste i svijest o potrebi očuvanja okoliša i pritisak javnosti na zakonodavce da se nešto učini po tom pitanju. Zakonski okviri koji propisuju metode i učestalost mjerenja emisija sve su jasniji, a granične vrijednosti emisija sve su strože. Slično je i s emisijama krutih čestica u zrak iz nepokretnih izvora, čime se bavi ovaj rad. Osmišljen je i izgrađen uređaj za provedbu mjerenja nužnih za definiranje referentnoga uzorka brzine strujanja plina i koncentracije krutih čestica u otpadnome plinu. Uređaj je izveden suglasno zahtjevima normi ISO 10780, ISO 9096 i
EN 13284-1 te su provedena tri niza mjerenja. U prvome nizu proveden je inicijalni skup mjerenja i izračunati su svi statistički parametri potrebni za definiranje referentnoga materijala ili – u ovome slučaju – referentnoga uzorka na referentnome sustavu. Dokazano je da su mjesta uzorka propisno odabrana i da su mjerne vrijednosti diferencijalnoga tlaka, statičkoga tlaka, temperature i brzine strujanja plina homogene. Stoga se mogu upotrijebiti za izračunavanje referentne brzine strujanja plina. Pokazano je da referentna brzina strujanja plina iznosi Xv,ref = 12,56±0,39 m/s pri 102100 Pa i 25 °C. Referentna vrijednost koncentracije krutih čestica iznosi Xp,ref = 15,30±0,47 mg/m^3 pri 101200 Pa i 5 °C. Referentne vrijednosti ovise o stvarnim vrijednosti atmosferskih parametara u trenutku mjerenja i (za koncentraciju krutih čestica) o stvarnoj masi doziranih krutih čestica. Drugi niz mjerenja provelo je pet neovisnih laboratorija. Referentne vrijednosti pri tome mjerenju iznosile su Xv,ref = 12,56±0,39 m/s za brzinu strujanja plina i Xp,ref = 16,08±0,50 mg/m^3 za koncentraciju krutih čestica. Od tih pet laboratorija, četiri su uspjela prikazati suvisle rezultate koji su se mogli iskoristiti za određivanje vrijednosti standardne devijacije međulaboratorijske usporedbe, σmlab. Određene su vrijednosti standardnih devijacija međulaboratorijske usporedbe od 0,48 m/s za brzinu strujanja plina i 1,12 mg/m^3 za koncentraciju krutih čestica. Treći niz mjerenja provela su četiri neovisna laboratorija akreditirana za mjerenje emisija onečišćujućih tvari u zrak iz nepokretnih izvora i rezultati su upotrijebljeni za vrednovanje njihovih postignuća. U većini slučajeva laboratoriji su pokazali zadovoljavajuću izvedbu. Tek je u jednome slučaju otkriven „signal koji zahtijeva akciju“ kada laboratorij nije uspješno izmjerio brzinu strujanja plina. Rezultati su potvrdili osnovnu zamisao cijeloga projekta.
Abstract (english) The basic idea of the research presented in this thesis is the design of a device that could be used to perform interlaboratory comparative measurements of the concentration of solid particles in the waste air from stationary sources. In the conditions of rapid growth of the world's population and accelerated economic development, the components of the environment are increasingly burdened by various emissions, and the consequences are also felt at the global level. Awareness of the need to preserve the environment and public pressure on legislators to do something about it is growing at the same rate. The legal framework prescribing the methods and frequency of emission measurements is becoming clearer, and emission limit values are becoming stricter. It is similar with the emissions of solid particles into the waste air from stationary sources, which is what this paper deals with. The device for measuring the gas velocity, volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts and mass concentration of solid particles in the waste air for interlaboratory comparative measurements in compliance with the standards ISO 10780, ISO 9096 and ISO EN 13284-1 was envisaged and constructed and three series of measurements were performed. In the first series, an initial set of measurements was performed and all statistical parameters needed to define the reference material or – in this case – the reference sample on the reference system were calculated. It has been proven that the sample sites are properly selected and that the measured values of differential pressure, static pressure, temperature and gas flow rate are homogeneous. Therefore, they can be used to calculate the reference gas flow rate. The reference gas flow rate was shown to be Xv,ref = 12.56±0.39 m/s at 102100 Pa and 25 °C. The reference value of the concentration of solid particles is
Xp,ref = 15.30±0.47 mg/m^3 at 101200 Pa and 5 ° C. The reference values depend on the actual values of the atmospheric parameters at the time of measurement and (for the concentration of solid particles) on the actual mass of the dosed solid particles. The second set of measurements was performed by five independent laboratories. The reference values in this measurement were Xv,ref = 12.56 ± 0.39 m/s for the gas flow rate and
Xp,ref = 16.08 ± 0.50 mg/m^3 for the concentration of solid particles. From these five laboratories, four were able to present meaningful results that could be used to determine the value of the standard deviation of the interlaboratory comparison, σmlab. The values of standard deviations of the interlaboratory comparison 0.48 m/s for the gas flow rate and
1.12 mg/m^3 for the concentration of solid particles in the waste air were determined. The third series of measurements was conducted by four independent laboratories accredited to measure emissions of air pollutants from stationary sources and the results were used to evaluate their achievements. In most cases, the laboratories showed satisfactory performance. Only in one case was a "signal requiring action" detected when the laboratory did not successfully measure the gas flow rate. The results confirmed the basic idea of the whole project.
Keywords
referentni uzorak
brzina strujanja plina
krute čestice
međulaboratorijska usporedbena mjerenja
dodijeljena vrijednost
mjerna nesigurnost
standardna devijacija
kriterij uspješnosti
Keywords (english)
reference sample
gas flow rate
solid particles
interlaboratory comparative measurements
assigned value
measurement uncertainty
standard deviation
criterion for evaluation of performance
Language croatian URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:149:233824 Promotion 2021 Study programme Title: Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry - Doctoral course Type of resource Text Extent 108 str. ; 30 cm File origin Born digital Access conditions Closed access Terms of use Created on 2023-05-31 13:04:41
