| Abstract | Koronavirus, bolest uzrokovana SARS-CoV-2 virusom koja primarno napada dišne puteve je uzrok smrti više od 7 milijuna ljudi širom svijeta. Iako su antivirusni lijekovi ključni za liječenje mnogih bolesti, mogu imati štetne učinke na vodene organizme. U sklopu ovog rada ispitao se utjecaj antivirusnih lijekova protiv SARS-CoV-2 virusa na bakteriju Pseudomonas putida i mikroalgu Chlorella sp. U eksperimentu s bakterijom Pseudomonas putida, bakterijske suspenzije bile su izložene različitim koncentracijama ribavirina, emtricitabina, sofosbuvira, oseltamivira, nirmatrelvira i atazanavira. Ispitivane koncentracije bile su za ribavirin, emtricitabin, sofosbuvir, oseltamivir i nirmatrelvir: 0,006 mmol/L, 0,013 mmol/L, 0,025 mmol/L, 0,05 mmol/L i 0,1 mmol/L, te atazanavir: 0,00019 mmol/L, 0,00038 mmol/L, 0,00075 mmol/L, 0,0015 mmol/L i 0,0030 mmol/L. Nakon 16 sati, određivao se ukupni broj živih stanica bakterija (CFU) kako bi se procijenilo koliko je svaki od antivirotika inhibirao rast bakterija. Rezultati su pokazali da su veće koncentracije antivirusnih lijekova rezultirale većom inhibicijom bakterija. Emtricitabin je bio najtoksičniji pri 0,1 mmol/L, inhibirajući rast bakterija za 98,94%, dok je oseltamivir bio najmanje toksičan, inhibirajući rast za 30,59 % pri
0,1 mmol/L i nije pokazao inhibiciju pri nižim koncentracijama. Eksperiment s mikroalgom Chlorella sp. se provodio na sličan način gdje su suspenzije mikroalge dodane u otopine s istim antivirusnim koncentracijama kao u eksperimentu s bakterijom. Ukupni broj živih stanica mikroalge (CFU) se određivao uz pomoć Thoma-ove komore svakih 24 sata tijekom tri dana, te je za konačni CFU uzeta srednja vrijednost. Slično rezultatima s bakterijom, veće koncentracije antivirusnih lijekova dovele su do značajnije inhibicije rasta mikroalge. Atazanavir pri 0,003 mmol/L bio je najtoksičniji, inhibirajući rast mikroalge za 58,52%, dok je nirmatrelvir bio najmanje toksičan, inhibirajući rast za 48,15% pri 0,1 mmol/L. |
| Abstract (english) | Coronavirus, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, targets the respiratory tract and has led to over 7 million deaths globally. While antivirals are crucial for treating many diseases, they can have detrimental effects on aquatic organisms. This study explored the impact of
SARS-CoV-2 antivirals on the bacterium Pseudomonas putida and the microalgae
Chlorella sp. In the experiment involving Pseudomonas putida, bacterial suspensions were exposed to varying concentrations of ribavirin, emtricitabine, sofosbuvir, oseltamivir, nirmatrelvir, and atazanavir. The antiviral concentrations were: ribavirin, emtricitabine, sofosbuvir, oseltamivir, and nirmatrelvir at 0.006 mmol/L, 0.013 mmol/L, 0.025 mmol/L,
0.05 mmol/L, and 0.1 mmol/L, respectively, and atazanavir at 0.00019 mmol/L,
0.00038 mmol/L, 0.00076 mmol/L, 0.0015 mmol/L, and 0.0030 mmol/L. After 16 hours, the colony-forming units (CFU) were counted to assess bacterial viability. The results indicated that higher antiviral concentrations resulted in greater bacterial inhibition. Emtricitabine was the most toxic at 0.1 mmol/L, inhibiting bacterial growth by 98.94%, while oseltamivir was the least toxic, inhibiting growth by 30.59% at 0.1 mmol/L and showing no inhibition at lower concentrations. The experiment with Chlorella sp. followed a similar protocol. Microalgae suspensions were added to solutions with the same antiviral concentrations as the bacterial experiment. Live cell counts were performed using a Thoma's chamber every 24 hours over three days, and the average CFU was calculated. Similar to the bacterial results, higher antiviral concentrations led to more significant inhibition of microalgae growth. Atazanavir at 0.003 mmol/L was the most toxic, reducing microalgae growth by 58.52%, while nirmatrelvir was the least toxic, inhibiting growth by 48.15% at 0.1 mmol/L. |
