| Abstract | Stres, loša prehrana, nedovoljno kretanja i sjedilački način života uzrok su sve više oboljenja. Uz porast broja oboljelih, raste i broj različitih novih bolesti što rezultira povećanom konzumacijom farmaceutika. Rast potrošnje farmaceutika raste iz godine u godinu, tim više što u farmaceutike spadaju i sredstva za osobnu njegu koja se kontinuirano koriste u velikim količinama. Sve te tvari prije ili kasnije završe u okolišu i onečišćuju ga. Najviše farmaceutika završava u vodnom okolišu, koji najviše utječe na sva živa bića. Problem je nemogućnost praćenja metaboličkog puta farmaceutika u vodi, zbog podložnosti farmaceutika različitim fizikalno-kemijskim reakcijama. Otpadne vode zagađene farmaceuticima ne mogu se dovoljno učinkovito obraditi klasičnim metodama obrade otpadnih voda. Naime, klasične metode obrade otpadnih voda ne mogu ukloniti male molekule farmaceutika. Također, ne postoje zakonske regulative koje propisuju maksimalno dopuštene koncentracije farmaceutika u okolišu. Zbog navedenih razloga, vrlo je važno provoditi analize vode i razvijati nove metode obrade voda, kako bi osigurali što dulji i kvalitetniji život u svim dijelovima ekosustava. Cilj ovog rada je odrediti toksičnost aktivnih supstanci farmaceutika navedenih u Provedbenoj odluci komisije (EU) 2015/495 o utvrđivanju popisa praćenja za tvari za koje je potrebno praćenje diljem Unije u području vodne politike u skladu s Direktivom 2008/105/EZ. To su makrolidni antibiotici (azitromicin, klaritromicin, eritromicin), herbicidi (trialat, oksadiazon), insekticidi (metiokarb, klotianidin, acetamiprid, tiakloprid, tiametoksam, imidakloprid), antioksidansi (2,6-di-tert-butil-4-metilfenol), nesteroidni antireumatici (diklofenak), estrogenski hormoni (estron, etinilestradiol-17α, estradiol-17β) i sredstva za zaštitu od sunca (2-etil-heksil-6-metoksicinamat). Toksičnost se određivala bioluminiscentnim bakterijama Vibrio fisheri koje su osjetljive na organska onečišćenja i njihova prisutnost uzrokuje smanjenje njihove luminiscencije. Mjerenja su pokazala kako svi farmaceutici, osim 2-etil-heksil-6-metoksicinamata uzrokuju inhibiciju bakterijske kulture, a najtoksičniji je metiokarb. |
| Abstract (english) | Stress, bad nutrition, lack of movement and sedentary lifestyle are the cause of more and more illnesses. With the increase in the number of patients, there is a growing number of new diseases leading to increased pharmaceutical consumption. Growth in pharmaceutical consumption grows year after year, and more so in pharmaceuticals, but also personal care products that are used in large quantities. All these substances sooner or later end up in the environment and pollute it. Most pharmaceuticals end up in a water environment that affects every living creature. The problem is the inability of monitoring the metabolic pathway of pharmaceuticals in water because of the susceptibility of the drug to various physico-chemical reactions. Wastewater, that is polluted by pharmaceuticals can not be efficiently treated by conventional wastewater treatment methods. Classic methods of wastewater treatment can not remove small drug molecules. Also, there are no legal regulations that prescribe maximum permissible concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the environment. For these reasons, it is very important to conduct water analysis and develop new water treatment methods to ensure the longer and better quality of life of all parts of the ecosystem. The aim of this research is to determine the toxicity of the active substances listed in Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2015/495 on the basis of watch lists for substances that need monitoring across the EU in the field of water policy according to Directive 2008/105 / EC. They are macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin), herbicides (trialat, oxadiazone), insecticides (methiocarb, clotianidine, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid), antioxidants (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac), estrogen hormones (estrone, ethinylestradiol-17α, estradiol-17β) and sunscreening agents (2-ethylhexyl-6-methoxycinnamate). Toxicity was determined by bioluminescence bacteria Vibrio fisheri that are sensitive to organic pollutants and their presence causes reduction of their luminescence. Measurements have shown that all pharmaceuticals except 2-ethylhexyl-6-methoxycinnamate cause bacterial culture inhibition. The most toxic compound is methiocarb. |
