| Abstract | Ovaj rad bavi se višefaznim kalcij-fosfatnim keramičkim materijalima te njihovom primjenom u inženjerstvu koštanog tkiva. Radi se o dosad nedovoljno istraženom području koje sve više zaokuplja interes stručnjaka raznih znanstvenih područja. Takvo što ne čudi imajući na umu ubrzani razvoj biomedicinske industrije povezane s težnjom svih ljudi za čim duljim i kvalitetnijim životnim vijekom. Jedna od bitnih sastavnica ljudskog organizma jest koštano tkivo koje služi ponajprije za kretanje i zaštitu unutrašnjih organa. Ono, međutim, djelovanjem vanjskih čimbenika, genetike i bolesti često biva oštećeno uzrokujući brojne tegobe narušavajući ove temeljne funkcije. U svrhu obnove koštanog tkiva, razvilo se polje „Inženjerstvo koštanog tkiva“. Ono osmišljava i proizvodi biološke nadomjestke koji služe obnovi, poboljšanju i održavanju koštanog tkiva. Za navedenu svrhu koriste se biomaterijali (za tvrdo i meko koštano tkivo) koji oponašajući izvanstaničnu matricu omogućuju stanicama da se za njih prihvate s ciljem formiranja novog tkiva. Osim metala koji se najčešće koriste, tu su još i različiti tipovi polimera te biokeramike. Ovaj rad temelji se na pregledu dostupne literature koja proučava biokeramiku. Najčešći tip biokeramike jest kalcij-fosfatna biokeramika koja se dijeli na jednofazne i višefazne kalcij-fosfatne sustave. Da bi bili primjenjivi u inženjerstvu koštanog tkiva moraju posjedovati određene mehaničke i biološke karakteristike. Najpoznatiji predstavnici jednofazne kalcij-fosfatne biokeramike su: amorfni kalcijev fosfat (ACP), oktakalcijev fosfat pentahidrat (OCP), trikalcijev fosfat (TCP) i hidroksiapatit (HA). Osim jednofaznih kalcij-fosfatnih biomaterijala postoje i oni višefazni. Budući da pojedinačni kalcijevi fosfati ne pokazuju obilježje oponašanja sastava kosti s njenim svojstvima, razvijaju se višefazni kalcij-fosfatni keramički materijali. Oni, ovisno o omjeru i vrsti pojedinih faza imaju mogućnost pružanja poboljšanih bioloških svojstava. |
| Abstract (english) | This paper deals with multiphase calcium-phosphate ceramic materials and their application in bone tissue engineering. It is a hitherto insufficiently researched area that is increasingly attracting the interest of experts in various scientific fields. This is not surprising, bearing in mind the accelerated development of the biomedical industry associated with the desire of all people for a longer and better quality of life. One of the essential components of the human organism is the bone tissue, which serves primarily for movement and protection of internal organs. However, it is often damaged by external factors, genetics and diseases, causing numerous ailments, disrupting these fundamental functions. In order to restore bone tissue, the field of „Bone tissue engineering“ has been developed. It designs and produces biological substitutes that serve to restore, improve and maintain bone tissue. For this purpose, biomaterials (for hard and soft bone tissue) are used, which, imitating the extracellular matrix, enable cells to accept them with the aim of forming new tissue formation. In addition to the most commonly used metals, there are also different types of polymers and bioceramics. This paper is based on a review of the available literature that studies bioceramics. The most common type of bioceramics is calcium-phosphate bioceramics, which is divided into single-phase and multi-phase calcium-phosphate systems. In order to be applicable in bone tissue engineering, they must possess certain mechanical and biological characteristics. The best-known representatives of single-phase calcium-phosphate bioceramics are: amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), octacalcium phosphate pentahydrate (OCP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA). In addition to single-phase calcium-phosphate biomaterials, there are also multi-phase ones. Since individual calcium phosphates do not show the feature of imitation of bone composition with its properties, multiphase calcium phosphate ceramic materials are being developed. Depending on the ratio and type of individual phases, they have the possibility of providing improved biological properties. |
