Proizvodnja biodizela u mikroreaktoru: esterifikacija jestivog ulja katalizirana enzimom lipaza

undergraduate thesis

• Title (english): Biodiesel production in a microreactor: edible oil esterification catalysed by lipase
• Author: Dina Ali
• Mentor: Bruno Zelić (mentor)
• Committee member: Bruno Zelić (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Aleksandra Sander (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Ana Vrsalović Presečki (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2016-11-29, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: TECHNICAL SCIENCES; Chemical Engineering; Reaction Engineering

Abstract

U novije vrijeme sve je veći naglasak na biodizelu kao alternativnom, ekološki prihvatljivom gorivu. Ono što biodizel razlikuje od konvencionalnog dizela jest odsutnost sumpora, smanjen udio čađe i ugljikova monoksida u ispušnim plinovima te općenito manje ostalih tvari štetnih po okoliš. Biodizel se danas proizvodi pirolizom, mikroemulzifikacijom, a najčešće se kao proizvodni proces primjenjuje transesterifikacija. Transesterifikacijom otpadnih ulja i masti može se dobiti biodizel bolje kvalitete uz niže proizvodne troškove. Uporabom enzima kao katalizatora u procesu transesterifikacije ostvaruje se čitav niz prednosti u odnosu na klasičnu industrijsku proizvodnju biodizela kataliziranu kemijskim katalizatorima. Na učinkovitost procesa znatno utječe i primjena mikroreaktorskih sustava koji u usporedbi s klasičnim makroreaktorima omogućuju bolji prijenos tvari i topline, kraća vremena zadržavanja, manje količine potrebnih reagensa i katalizatora, manje otpadnih procesnih struja, kompaktnost i jednostavnost dizajna, laminarni tok procesnih struja, učinkovitije miješanje, kraći difuzijski put molekula, lakšu kontrolu procesa, te smanjenu potrošnju energije. U ovom radu provedena je transesterifikacija masnih kiselina iz jestivog i korištenog suncokretovog ulja uz enzim lipazu kao katalizator u mikroreaktoru promjera cijevi 1 mm i duljine 30 cm. Kao alkoholna faza korišten je metanol uz dodatak emulgatora SDS (natrijev dodecil-sulfat) koji se u pokusima pokazao najboljim za miješanje faza reakcijskog sustava. Proces je proveden za različite protoke komponenata reakcijske smjese, pri temperaturi 40 °C, a konverzija od 93 % postignuta je za vrijeme zadržavanja 80 min korištenjem jestivog ulja te 95 % korištenjem otpadnog ulja kao supstrata za vrijeme zadržavanja od 40 min. Ista konverzija, u kotlastom makroreaktoru postignuta je tek nakon 22 h. Kako prisustvo glicerola u biodizelu smanjuje njegovu kvalitetu razvijen je sustav od dvije serijski spojene mikroprocesne jedinice, mikroreaktora za proizvodnju biodizela i mikroseparatora za kontinuiranu separaciju glicerola uz primjenu kolin korid etilenglikola kao ekstraktne faze. Analizom biodizela nakon ekstrakcije glicerola utvrđeno je da je glicerol u potpunosti uklonjen iz biodizela.

Abstract (english)

Biodiesel is recently being explored as an alternative fuel with eco-friendly properties. What differs biodiesel from conventional diesel is the absence of sulphur, less soot, carbon monoxide in exhaust gasses and generally less matters that are hazard for the environment. Biodiesel is today being produced by pyrolysis, microemulsification and transesterification. By using waste cooking oil, it is possible to conduct low-cost production process with good fuel properties. Enzymes as biocatalysts in the process of transesterification show series of advantages compared to the usage of classic industrial catalysts. Microreaction systems also show many advantages in biodiesel production, as they enable better heat and matter transfer, shorter retention time, less raw materials and catalysts, less waste products, laminar flow, better mixing, better molecular diffusion, less energy consumption, easier process control and, finally, they are compact and simple by design. Transesterification of fatty acids from edible and waste cooking oil was conducted in this work. Enzyme lipase was used as a catalyst in a microreactor with tube diameter of 1 mm and length of 30 cm. Methanol was used as alcohol phase, and SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) as an emulsifier for stabilizing the two phases. The process was conducted at the temperature of 40 ºC, and the conversion of 93% was achieved with the retention time of 80 min for edible oil and 95% for retention time of 40 min for waste cooking oil, respectively. Equal conversion in a batch macroreactor was achieved after 22 h. To continuously separate glycerol from the biodiesel, a system of two microprocess units was developed. Microreactor was used for biotransformation and microseparator was used for extraction of glycerol where choline chloride ethylenglycol was used as the extract phase. By analyzing biodiesel after the separation of glycerol, it is shown that all of glycerol was successfully removed.

• Keywords: biodizel; transesterifikacija; lipaza; glicerol; mikroreaktori
• Keywords (english): biodiesel; transesterification; lipase; glycerol; microreactors
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:149:890413
• Study programme: Title: Environmental Engineering - Undergraduate study; Study programme type: university; Study level: undergraduate; Academic / professional title: sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/ prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) inženjer/inženjerka ekoinženjerstva (sveučilišni/a prvostupnik/ prvostupnica (baccalaureus/baccalaurea) inženjer/inženjerka ekoinženjerstva)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2020-12-15 08:44:17